BEES for DEVELOPMENT

RESIDUE MONITORING PLAN RESULTS
From the Residue Monitoring Plan example described on the previous page.
Produced by members of the Zambia Bee Products Association

You can download these Residue Monitoring Plan results as an Excel spreadsheet here

This page summarises information presented to the Bees for Development Honey Trade Workshop held in Dublin, Ireland in August 2005.

B1 - Antibacterial substances, including sulphonamides, quinolones


Compounds Class	Compounds Type	Compounds Brand Name	Material: Honey Method: HPLC	Detection level	Level of action	Results
Sulphonomides	Sulphaguanidine		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Sulphanilamide		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Suplphacetamide		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Sulphadiazine		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Sulphthdiazole		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Sulphapyridine		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Sulphamerazine		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Sulphamether		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Sulphadimidine		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Sulphamethoxypyridazine		as above	20 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.

Tetracyclines	Oxytetracycline	Terramycin	as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Tetracycline		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Chlorotetracycline		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Doxycycline		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.

Antibiotics	Chloramphenicol		as above	0.3 ppb	0.3 ppb	n.d.
	Streptomycin		as above	3 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.

Comments: Low levels of streptomycin found in Zambian honey during previous years are being investigated for evidence of natural origin from Streptomyces colonies in the environment. PCR analysis of honey and environmental samples has shown the presence of the str gene cluster which indicates that Streptomycetes are producing streptomycin in the environment from which the Zambian honey is harvested. Streptomyces strains tolerant of high sugar levels have been isolated from the honey. This work is ongoing and we hope eventually to gather enough evidence to show that the quantities of streptomycin found in honey could be accounted for from the Streptomyces in the environment.

B2c - Carbamates and pyrethroids


Compounds Class	Compounds Type	Compounds Brand Name	Material: Honey Method: Gas Chromatography	Detection level	Level of action
Pyrethroids	Cypermethrin
	a-Cypermethrin
	Deltamethrin
	Fluvalinate	Apistan
	Flumethrin	Bayvarol
	Permethrin

Note: These substances mostly occur in honey as residues from treatments of hives for infestations of various mite species. They are not considered to pose any risk of contamination in Zambian honey:

The type of beekeeping in Zambia is traditional fixed comb bark hives occupied by wild swarms of bees in 99.99% of hives. It is not feasible to administer bee medicines using these types of hives.

There have been no reported instances of mite infestation in Zambian hives.

B3a - Organochlorine compounds including PCBs


Compounds Class	Compounds Type	Compounds Brand Name	Material: Honey Method: HPLC	Detection level	Level of action	Results
Organochlorines	Aldrin		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Captan		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	DDT & Isomers		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Dichlofluanid		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Dicofol		as above	20 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Dieldrin		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Endosulfan		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Endrin		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Hexachlorobenzene		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	HCH (3 isomers)		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Heptachlor		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Heptachlor epoxide		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Quintozene		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Tecnazene		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Vinclozolin		as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.

PCB's	PCB Congener 28		as above	5 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	PCB Congener 52		as above	5 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	PCB Congener 101		as above	5 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	PCB Congener 118		as above	5 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	PCB Congener 138		as above	5 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	PCB Congener 153		as above	5 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	PCB Congener 180		as above	5 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.

B3b - Organophosphorus compounds


Compounds Class	Compounds Type	Compounds Brand Name	Material: Honey Method: Gas Chromatography	Detection level	Level of action	Results
Organophosphorous	Bromophos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Bromophos-ethyl		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Chlorfenvinphos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Chlorpyrifos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Chlorpyrifos-methyl		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Diazinon		as above	20 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Dichlorvos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Dimethoate		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Ethion		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Ethoprophos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Etrimfos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Fenitrophion		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Heptenophos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Malathion		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Methacrifos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Methidathion		as above	20 ppb	50 ppb	n.d.
	Mevinphos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Parathion		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Parathion methyl		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Phosphamidon		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Pirimphos methyl		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.
	Triazophos		as above	50 ppb	100 ppb	n.d.

B3c - Chemical elements


Compounds Class	Compounds Type	Material: Honey Method: Atomic Absorption Chromatography	Detection level	Level of action	Results
Chemical Elements	Lead	as above	10 ppb	500 ppb	30 ppb
	Cadmium	as above	10 ppb	50 ppb	<10 ppb
	Arsenic	as above	10 ppb	100 ppb	<10 ppb
	Zinc	as above	100 ppb	2,500 ppb	900 ppb
	Copper	as above	100 ppb	500 ppb	500 ppb

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